# 🔍 Cheatsheet: Critical Thinking: Ask Better Questions and Verify Information in the AI Era

By Better Wise

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A lookup card for the whole course. Scan, don't read.

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## Module 1: Claims, Evidence, and Fallacies

### 1.1 Facts, Opinions, and Testable Claims

| Type | Definition | Test | Example |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Fact** | Statement that can be verified against evidence | Can it be checked? Is it true? | "Water boils at 100°C at sea level." |
| **Opinion** | Statement of preference, value, or judgment | Can't be proven true/false | "Coffee tastes better than tea." |
| **Testable claim** | Specific, falsifiable statement about the world | What evidence would prove it wrong? | "This drug lowers blood pressure by 10% in adults." |
| **Unfalsifiable claim** | No observation could disprove it | Nothing would count as counter-evidence | "The energy is undetectable." |

**Three questions for any claim:**
1. What exactly is being claimed? (Restate it in one sentence.)
2. What kind of statement is it: fact, opinion, or testable claim?
3. What evidence would support or refute it?

> **Tip:** 
> A claim you cannot imagine disproving is not a testable claim. Treat it as opinion or belief, not evidence.

**Vagueness red flags:** "many," "studies show," "experts agree," "up to," "linked to," "some say." Ask: how many, which studies, which experts?

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### 1.2 Logical Fallacies in Everyday Arguments